Sounds Analyses in a Sports Event Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Sounds Analyses in a Sports Event - Essay Example Sounds Analyses in a Sports Event It is said that single direction music can be deciphered is through the listener’s â€Å"interaction† with it. Sound can be likewise deciphered along these lines, as sound is additionally seen through the sound-related sense . This thought can be connected a few focuses in the field notes during the women’s tennis match-up between Duke University and Virginia Tech. For instance, before the beginning of the game, the group could be heard visiting relentless on presumably all points imaginable in easygoing discussions. As an eyewitness, the sounds can be deciphered relying upon the individual perspective of the audience or the â€Å"intention†. These sounds can be viewed as hints of fervor, of anxiety, or of apathy. To clarify further, these three understandings will be dismembered. Sounds from the group can be deciphered as energy because of the predictable rising and falling of the pitch of the general babble. They can likewise be deciphered as anxiety due to the listener’s view of the conditions where the sounds are occurring. Opponent fans can without much of a stretch be seen as apprehensive for the game outcomes. Furthermore, lack of concern may likewise be another translation because of the easygoing setting where the sounds are going on. In any case, this is only one part of translation. Another translation of sound can be founded on â€Å"intentionality.† According to Tia De Nora, â€Å"users arrange themselves as specialists in and through the manners in which they identify with objects while they likewise design protests in and through the ways they, as operators, act towards those objects† ... De Nora, â€Å"users arrange themselves as operators in and through the manners in which they identify with objects while they additionally design questions in and through the ways they, as specialists, carry on towards those objects† (Guck 195). It occurs, for example, when the audience utilizes the music as an impetus to what the audience needs to feel. For instance, during the occasion, if the audience needs to feel energy, they can without much of a stretch utilize the sounds around them as an impetus to feel fervor. The interminable, blended sound of voices can without much of a stretch be utilized as an associate to get this inclination. Then again, if the audience needs to feel that their favored group or player is at a bit of leeway, they could decide to decipher the sounds from rival fans as anxiety (Guck 195-7). Semantics and Pragmatics In correspondence, beside phonetics, dictionary, language, and linguistic structure, pragmatics, and semantics are additionally impo rtant (Feld 206-7). Also, rules past how a music or sound is made are considered in deciphering music or sound. Implications and originations of self are similarly significant in deciphering the items an audience hears. This could imply that sounds can't be deciphered exclusively based on its structure while detaching the setting where it is heard. While not completely comparative, it is sensible to call attention to that some issue in semantics might be applied in ethnomusicology (Feld 207). For instance, in similar game, if an audience centers around the social structure where sounds are created, any audience will decipher the sounds in comparative style. Be that as it may, if the realistic and semantic speculations are applied, a straightforward sound of giggling from a gathering of individuals may introduce various implications to the audience. This doesn't talk about yet the â€Å"intentional† implying that the makers of the

Average Joe Free Essays

As children, our legends were Captain America, Superman, Spiderman, Wonder Women, or any superhuman so far as that is concerned. We would admire them ordinary and state, â€Å"I need to be much the same as them. † As we get more established, our saints will in general be a knight with sparkling reinforcement, riding into the dusk with a wonderful lady close by. We will compose a custom paper test on Regular person or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now Others picture the CEO of a top organization, making more than ten million dollars per year. Some may even picture an ex-president, or even their educator. At long last, you’re my legend. You’re not a fireman, an officer, or the president. You’re not a cop, cleric, or parent. You’re like me. An individual stuck in the regular crush, 9 to 5, attempting to endure to tomorrow. You don’t know you’re a legend, yet you are. To me you invigorate me and the would like to live on. For this you are incredibly refreshing. You may think, â€Å"How can a normal American be viewed as a saint of mine, if there are executioners and covetous individuals out there that just mischief? † He essentially stows away in the wood works, fundamentally assisting with holding entryways, giving to a great extent, or placing in a couple of additional hours at work, much the same as a regular American would. My saint never neglects to complete work for his came up short on, overlooked occupation. Never does my legend gripe about being a solitary parent or maintaining two sources of income and as yet having unpaid bills on the counter. He grasps the way that he’s doing everything that he can to have a rooftop over their heads. He’s one of the millions that construct this country’s framework. My legend makes a genuine living accomplishing a day’s work and asks nothing consequently. He risks his life knowing that’s he doesn’t need to and would thankfully do it step by step. He doesn’t give a large number of dollars to foundation for a tax cut or to get his name on the first page of a paper, however when he sees a man in need he offers the coat from his back and forge ahead. So what makes a legend, chivalrous? Well what is a saint? Words, for example, bold, intrepid, solid disapproved, intense, and being a pioneer rung a bell. So does my ordinary saint line up to your normal superhuman? Truly! The normal American must be valiant to confront a financial downturn, for example, todays. Does he have fortitude? One would need to expect to confront the overwhelming assignment of bringing up kids as a solitary parent. Doing what ever it takes to arrive kids the best possible instruction to turn into a fruitful American. On the off chance that anybody is resolved it’s this person. It removes a ton from somebody to give all they got and appear as though no improvement is being made. The decided American needs to push on to more brilliant skies. As a dad my saint can’t show anything short of solidarity since when a dad is frail there is no expectation for the kids to feel engaged. This likewise ties in to the possibility of my saint being a pioneer. He must be and he is. I think he qualifies as a saint, don’t you? Superman never put food on your table nor did the Hulk, so for what reason would they say they are the legends and not you and I? Its human instinct to accept a legend must be overwhelming. Typically this is genuine yet then we will in general disregard the a huge number of â€Å"mini-heroes† we have speaking to incredible chivalrous characteristics. Its not generally about having the option to fly or executing miscreants, its about helping other people out of luck. So the littlest deeds that we do can have any kind of effect in someone’s life. Be thankful for what you do, for you’re my saint as well as somebody else’s too. Instructions to refer to Average Joe, Papers

Toni Morrisons Novel Sula Essay Example For Students

Toni Morrisons Novel Sula Essay In the novel Sula, by Toni Morrison we follow the life of Sula Peace all through her youth in the twenties until her passing in 1941.The tale encompasses the dark network in Medallion, explicitly the base. By perusing the account of Sula’s life, and the life of the network in the base, Morrison shows us the significant manners by which families and networks can shape a child’s character. Sula depicts the manner in which youngsters are formed, yet in addition the way that a network gets a grown-up who challenges the very condition that shaped them. Sula’s activities and a lot of her character is an immediate aftereffect of her youth in the base. Sula’s personality contains numerous components of a solid, free women's activist character. Be that as it may, the individuals in Medallion don't see Sula in a positive light. At the point when she comes back to Medallion as a grown-up Sula is viewed as underhanded and respected with much dread. The explanation Sula outsider from the network is explicitly because of the way that she is a lady who will not contain herself in the social standards set up for the town. She won't wed and every now and again rests around. The characters that exist around Sula fill in as a point to think about the various ways the network treats the individuals who are extraordinary. Explicitly the way the characters, Shadrack and Hannah are treated by the network can be contrasted with the manner in which the network treats Sula. Somehow, Sula, Shadrack, and Hannah are pariah from the network in the base. Shadrack and Hannah anyway are not viewed with close as much dread or disdain the town feels towards Sula. The contrast between the manner in which the town treats Hannah and Sula is especially disturbing. After the passing of Sula’s father, Hannah has no genuine associations with men. She dozes just with the spouses of her companions and neighbors husbands. In spite of the fact that Hanna h lays down with wedded men the individuals in Medallion have a specific regard for her. The men, shockingly, never tattled about her. She was undeniably a sort and liberal woman(p 2013). Hannah has illicit relationships with similar men again and again. Due to this frequently the spouses of those men accept it as a commendation when Hannah lays down with them. We will compose a custom paper on Toni Morrisons Novel Sula explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Hannah is Sula’s mother and has in a roundabout way showed a youthful Sula to see sex as a wellspring of delight. Seeing her progression so effectively into the wash room and rise looking decisively as she did when she entered, just more joyful (p2013). This influences legitimately the connections Sula has with men in her grown-up life. She also lays down with just the spouses of other ladies. Sula has never seen a solid connection between a man and a lady. This is viewed by the network as horrible. Sula utilizes the men she lays down with for delight, accepting no thought concerning how the men feel. She won't have such man centric connections as Hannah did. Hannah may undoubtedly have gotten delight from the men she laid down with however she remained the accommodating member in her relations. Hannah scoured no edges, set no expectations, caused the man to feel as if he were finished and superb similarly as he might have been he didn’t need fixing (p 2012). Sula, then again, has a need to feel in charge directly down to the mechanics of her issues. What's more, there was the most extreme incongruity and shock in lying under somebody, in a place of give up, feeling her own withstanding quality and boundless force. (p2048). She accepting sex from men as joy, yet searched out to guarantee control over them. Sula was giving them a shot and disposing of them with no reason the men could swallow. (p2044). This made the ladies upset and advanced their contempt for Sula. Sula had power by laying down with these exact same men who held control over compliant spouses. .ue8362ca553e8bab583a5c2481e85dfa8 , .ue8362ca553e8bab583a5c2481e85dfa8 .postImageUrl , .ue8362ca553e8bab583a5c2481e85dfa8 .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .ue8362ca553e8bab583a5c2481e85dfa8 , .ue8362ca553e8bab583a5c2481e85dfa8:hover , .ue8362ca553e8bab583a5c2481e85dfa8:visited , .ue8362ca553e8bab583a5c2481e85dfa8:active { border:0!important; } .ue8362ca553e8bab583a5c2481e85dfa8 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ue8362ca553e8bab583a5c2481e85dfa8 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ue8362ca553e8bab583a5c2481e85dfa8:active , .ue8362ca553e8bab583a5c2481e85dfa8:hover { murkiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ue8362ca553e8bab583a5c2481e85dfa8 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .ue8362ca553e8bab583a5c2481e85dfa8 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content design: underline; } .ue8362ca553e8bab583a5c2481e85dfa8 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ue8362ca553e8bab583a5c2481e85dfa8 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content improvement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue8362ca553e8bab583a5c2481e85dfa8:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ue8362ca553 e8bab583a5c2481e85dfa8 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ue8362ca553e8bab583a5c2481e85dfa8-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ue8362ca553e8bab583a5c2481e85dfa8:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: The Conflict Between the Individual and Society EssayThe town views all of Sula’s activities as insidious. They called her a cockroach and a bitch, however over that spread a frightful talk that she laid down with white men. There was nothing lower she could do, not all that much. (p2043). In spite of the fact that it is referenced in the story that it was completely worthy for dark men to lay

The Poetic Style of Henry Charles Bukowski Essay -- essays research pa

Henry Charles Bukowski Verse is the craft of rhythmical sythesis composed or represented energizing delight by excellence innovative or raised idea. It is additionally abstract work in metrical structure. By definition, an artist is an individual how forms verse. The connection among verse and the late Henry Charles Bukowski is equal to that of an expert ice skater and the ice that he skates on . By a similar token, it contrasted with something somewhat less administered, albeit an ace ice skater is allowed to brush the ice at his own cost, the foundation of expert ice skating is in fact confined. For instance, judges, rules, guidelines, understandings, terms, and agreements that can't be deferred, which controls the skater. Contrasted with a flying creature in the sky, the past model misses the mark concerning my view of opportunity while relating it to verse and Bukowski. A flying creature in the sky significantly expands the very center of my contention, at precisely the same time repudiating the conten tion - for those with the sharp eye. Bukowski's composing characterize...

Norman Rockwell :: essays research papers

	Norman Rockwell was one of America’s most prominent artists of this century who made numerous huge commitments to the field of visual depiction with his works that advanced enthusiastic solidarity, passed on the national scene, and regularly time simply evoked or enlivened feelings in his crowds. Unexpectedly this painter was viewed as an artist according to other independent craftsmen because of his word related confinements, and his supervisor’s limitations normal for the Saturday Evening Post where he did the majority of his work from 1916 to 1963. Rockwell was conceived on February 3, 1894 and since his youth years had consistently sought to be a craftsman. Rather than completing secondary school Rockwell left secondary school to go to classes at the National Academy of Design and later on the Art Students League in New York. Here Rockwell was perceived as a better than expected artist with great potential. Rockwell then in the wake of building up his abilit ies and contributing numerous outlines to children’s magazines, figured out how to gather up the fearlessness to demonstrate his work to a greater periodical, the Saturday Evening Post. Content with the nature of Rockwell’s work the Post gave Rockwell a vocation making delineations and spread workmanship for its periodicals. This would be his field, uncovering his attempts to a large number of individuals, for more than forty years. During this period Rockwell painted pictures of different famous people and persona. Rockwell was a "people painter" and overwhelmingly worked with the delineation of feelings roused by his models. Rockwell consistently took specific consideration in singling out his models as he was extremely down to earth and needed them to show attributes that fulfilled with his particular guidelines. During his time with the Post, Rockwell frequently made delineations that adequately passed on occasions occurring on the national scene. During various periods in American history Rockwell utilized his exceptional ability in detail to catch and depict delineations that precisely mirrored the feelings felt in the hearts of Americans at that point. Rockwell made a few delineations showing occasions like the Great Depression and World War I. Truth be told during the subsequent World War Rockwell was spurred by President Roosevelt himself to make perhaps the best venture, The Four Freedoms Paintings, representing each of America’s central opportunities and uncovering the explanation for the United States’ interest in the war. This Four Freedoms Project is one that reflects Rockwell’s incredible liberality and thoughtfulness as an individual. Rockwell consented to

This Day, the Year I Applied

This Day, the Year I Applied November 20, 2013. Precisely 23 days until my first application decision. 22 days after the first application submission. 40 days until the next application deadline. 2 years ago. Back then, those numbers mattered. Friday, December 13, Early Action decision day, was to be “the day my life will never be the same.” The prospect sent me into shivers and made the room burn. Whatever manifestations of worry there are, I felt them. From sudden cold rushes at the thought that I’d only taken X number of APs to the warm spreading feeling of “but I’ve taken X number of APs” (I didn’t actually think that last one, but the juxtaposition holds). And you know what I think about that now? I don’t. And what I regret? Defining my senior year by the future of college. I can’t tell my past self to stop worrying. Nor should I. Worry was inspiration. It’s why I began my essays early and ended editing them late. Why I inspected every bit of my inner self for flaws and merits. Why, on December 13, I had to stop myself from trembling with the thought that I’ll get by no matter what the message in the email said. And I wasn’t lying when I thought that. I’d probably go to a local state school and maybe apply for transfer in the spring. I’d have a plethora of extracurriculars. I wouldn’t get freaked out about classwork. I’d have class at 9 am and I’d have to go to bed early. This is all pure speculation, of course. But in the alternative vision, Im happy too. Happier? Possibly. In this Universe, I can’t tell. Sometimes I return to that vision. It’s enticing. Not abysmal, as it seemed two years ago. I was very wrong about it then. I was mistaken also to think that college, particularly which college, defines the future. Now it feels like a hateful thought. I’d go back and punch myself into a proper senior existence if I could. Tell myself what I actually want to remember from that November. Talk of all the miserable and joyful days at MIT. Ultimately, they average out into happiness. And that would’ve been the case no matter where I’d gone. Two years ago, my college essay was a letter to the future, to be read in five years. But here’s what I want to remind the November 2013 past: Remember your social studies elective, Plains Indians? Where you got an F on the fire-building assignment? It felt silly and enlightening then to recognize that twelve years of school did not prepare you for a basic survival skill. Your group was the only one who failed. And another class day, you and your classmates lay in the woods for an hour, meditating in a special way. You watched a spider scurry gracefully over the autumn leaves and avoid your hand. You fell asleep on the foliage. You never wanted class to end. After every Plains Indians class came the American Dream class. It was a very different course. You read books with lengthy descriptions of the prairie. You discussed local culture. You learned about the American Dream, became uncomfortably aware of white picket fences. Langston Hughes’ “Harlem” was your favorite poem (“What happens to a dream deferred?”). Then there was College Composition. The schools cultural phenomenon. A class all seniors expected and feared. You even fear it in 2015 somewhat because the ten College Comp rules still haunt you in your writing. You can’t break them without a guilty conscience. Just can’t. College Comp was also the class for which you had to meet all the new students. Talk to the freshmen and transfers, learn their names. At the end of the semester, there was a quiz on that. It meant nothing on the larger grading scheme, but to you and your classmates it was a huge assignment. You all remembered being freshmen. The support and friendship of high school seniors was  super cool. Because you went to an alternative school, you also got to teach a class, Joy of Mathematics. So much fun it was! The grandest moment of your senior existence was on the day your supervising teacher took out his newest projector/camera and you went into the school’s central space, rolled a piano to the middle, and projected the keyboard onto the giant wall. Then you and your students learned the math of music. And everyone got a chance to project their hands up above. Life outside of class was beautiful too. After peer-review sessions in College Comp, you solidified senior friendships, and you wrote surprise letters to each other (you still do). You escaped school (legally) during lunch to go to Wendy’s. You had a senior bonfire where the director gave a speech that made you cry. You went on a senior retreat to a camp on top of a hill and at night the woods around were spooky and fabulous. Below the hills was toxic waste. So you ventured to the top instead and trembled at the creaking trees. Then you and your classmates shared your favorite songs in a cozy cabin with warm pizza. On that night, you all realized you couldn’t figure out life.   I’ve lost track of those memories after blog posts about college and college applications. I lost precious moments during senior year as well when worry erased the important bits of the day. The admission process seems like a lame evil now. It was important once, but I greatly exaggerated its value then. In the spring, while I fretted over the right button to press, some of my classmates spoke excitedly about following their vocational dreams or taking a gap year on foreign soil. I don’t want to be the person with the button anymore. On the blogs, we often talk about applying, and choosing, and submitting, and preparing. But if you’re a senior right now, that’s not what ought to matter. Do not apply to MIT because your life goal is to go to MIT. Apply because you enjoy something, even if that something is ephemeral and vague, and MIT is on  a path to it. Not the only path. Not even the definitive path. I’ve gotten several emails this semester asking me, “Should I apply to MIT if…?” I’m not an expert in this matter, nor can I pretend to be (trust me, I have approximately 0-1% of my life figured out). But If I had to answer that question, I’d consider what I want beyond the application. Ask yourself, why do you want to apply? Are you ready for either application decision? A yes can be heavy also. There is no formula to predict the outcome (this one coming from an expert, here). If MIT is a relevant step on the path towards your dreams, go for the application. No harm will come. In the meantime, don’t think about your year in terms of buttons and short responses and numbered lines. The grocery store aisles are colored festive. There’s limited edition egg nog and pumpkin spice. You’re in the final days of autumn. The final months of seeing all your high school friends together. Two years later, what will you remember? P.S.: Thank you, Lydia, for the awesome blog prompt!

Legalization Of Marijuana Research Assignment Paper - 825 Words

Legalization Of Marijuana Research Assignment Paper (Research Paper Sample) Content: Legalization of MarijuanaNameInstitutional AffiliationLegalization of MarijuanaDebate on whether marijuana should be made legal has been there for many years now. The one big question that is still a central debate regarding its legalization is whether the consumption of marijuana will rise. If the consumption does increase, then what will be the magnitude of its growth? It is almost definite though that with the legalization of marijuana will result in new consumers and further heavier consumption by regular users, therefore, leading to a general rise in the use. (Pacula, 2010). Debates, however, have hit all corners regarding how beneficial will marijuana be not only to the consumers but also to the general contribution of the economy of a particular country that has legalized it. Moreover, what are the possible risks of marijuana to the consumers?The benefits of marijuana are quite a number. Notably, the health sector has immensely reaped the benefits that come wit h the consumption of marijuana. Research according to (Welsh and Loria, 2014), marijuana can be used in the treatment of glaucoma. Glaucoma is an illness that affects the eye. It causes massive damage to the optic nerve which can ultimately result in loss of vision. With the consumption of marijuana, this illness is drastically reduced. Marijuana will lead to the lowering of intraocular pressure hence preventing blindness from occurring. (Welsh and Loria, 2014). According to (Welsh and Loria, 2014), they argued out that consumption of marijuana leads to increase in lung capacity. As opposed to other consumed substances such as tobacco which massively causes damage to the lungs, marijuana causes an increase in the ability of the lungs. This increase in lung capacity is as a result of deep inhaling that occurs during its consumption. Marijuana as a matter fact has seen to reap health benefits. Therefore, the legalization of marijuana will turn out to be a positive impact not only on the consumers but also to the economy of the country since the government will not have to spend money in the treatment of specific diseases.When it comes to the business sector, legalization of marijuana seems to have many benefits than harm. For instance, in the medicine field, the pharmaceutical industry can make immense profits from the usage of marijuana in research. (Becker, 2014). In agriculture, marijuana has helped farmers in the production of food. Since most farmers who grow marijuana use the indoor farming method, cultivators have consistently been looking for these farmers to provide them with indoor cultivating techniques. This cultivating method can assure farmers of continuous food production to the market hence constant buying and selling of farm products. Also, in the construction industry, marijuana, in particular hemp, is used in the construction and design. (Becker, 2014). This application of hemp in the construction industries has drastically reduced the cost o f construction. Thus it has benefited both the client and the construction builders.Research according to (Watkins, 2016), one of the biggest dangers of the legalization of marijuana is an addiction. Marijuana can be very addictive. With addiction, comes various type of mechanical behaviors that retards personal growth which will result in stagnation in social growth and ultimately stagnation in the growth of the economy. For instance, marijuana can lead to spending of more money, abandoning of primary responsibilities among many others. These results to under development.Legalization of marijuana will lead to more benefits than harm ...

Battle of Franklin - Civil War Battle of Franklin - John Bell Hood

Battle of Franklin - Conflict: The Battle of Franklin was fought during the American Civil War. Armies Commanders at Franklin: Union Major General John Schofield30,000 men Confederate General John Bell Hood38,000 men Battle of Franklin - Date: Hood attacked the Army of the Ohio on November 30, 1864. Battle of Franklin - Background: In the wake of the Union capture of Atlanta in September 1864, Confederate General John Bell Hood regrouped the Army of Tennessee and launched a new campaign to break Union General William T. Shermans supply lines north. Later that month, Sherman dispatched Major General George H. Thomas to Nashville to organize Union forces in the area. Outnumbered, Hood decided to move north to attack Thomas before the Union general could reunite with Sherman. Aware of Hoods movement north, Sherman sent Major General John Schofield to reinforce Thomas. Moving with VI and XXIII Corps, Schofield quickly became Hoods new target. Seeking to prevent Schofield from joining with Thomas, Hood pursued the Union columns and the two forces squared off at Columbia, TN from November 24-29. Next racing to Spring Hill, Schofields men beat off an uncoordinated Confederate attack before escaping in the night to Franklin. Arriving at Franklin at 6:00 AM on November 30, the lead Union troops began preparing a strong, arc-shaped defensive position to the south of the town. The Union rear was protected by the Harpeth River. Battle of Franklin - Schofield Turns: Entering the town, Schofield decided to make a stand as the bridges across the river were damaged and needed to be repaired before the bulk of his forces could cross. While repair work commenced, the Union supply train slowly began crossing the river using a nearby ford. By noon, the earthworks were complete and a secondary line established 40-65 yards behind the main line. Settling in to await Hood, Schofield decided that the position would be abandoned if the Confederates did not arrive before 6:00 PM. In close pursuit, Hoods columns reached Winstead Hill, two miles south of Franklin, around 1:00 PM. Battle of Franklin - Hood Attacks: Establishing his headquarters, Hood ordered his commanders to prepare for an assault on the Union lines. Knowing the dangers of frontally attacking a fortified position, many of Hoods subordinates attempted to talk him out of the assault, but he would not relent. Moving forward with Major General Benjamin Cheathams corps on the left and Lieutenant General Alexander Stewarts on the right, the Confederate forces first encountered two brigades of Brigadier General George Wagners division. Posted half a mile forward of the Union line, Wagners men were supposed to fall back if pressed. Disobeying orders, Wagner had his men stand firm in an attempt to turn back Hoods assault. Quickly overwhelmed, his two brigades fell back toward the Union line where their presence between the line and the Confederates prevented Union troops from opening fire. This failure to cleanly pass through the lines, coupled with a gap in the Union earthworks at the Columbia Pike, allowed three Confederate divisions to focus their attack on the weakest part of Schofields line. Battle of Franklin - Hood Wrecks His Army: Breaking through, men from Major Generals Patrick Cleburne, John C. Brown, and Samuel G. Frenchs divisions were met by a furious counterattack by Colonel Emerson Opdyckes brigade as well as other Union regiments. After brutal hand-to-hand fighting, they were able to close the breach and throw back the Confederates. To the west, Major General William B. Bates division was repulsed with heavy casualties. A similar fate met much of Stewarts corps on the right wing. Despite the heavy casualties, Hood believed that the Union center had been badly damaged. Unwilling to accept defeat, Hood continued to throw uncoordinated attacks against Schofields works. Around 7:00 PM, with Lieutenant General Stephen D. Lees corps arriving on the field, Hood selected Major General Edward Allegheny Johnsons division to lead another assault. Storming forward, Johnsons men and other Confederate units failed to reach the Union line and became pinned down. For two hours an intense firefight ensued until Confederate troops were able to fall back in the darkness. To the east, Confederate cavalry under Major General Nathan Bedford Forrest attempted to turn Schofields flank but were blocked by Major General James H. Wilsons Union horsemen. With the Confederate assault defeated, Schofields men began crossing the Harpeth around 11:00 PM and reached the fortifications at Nashville the next day. Battle of Franklin - Aftermath: The Battle of Franklin cost Hood 1,750 killed and around 5,800 wounded. Among the Confederate deaths were six generals: Patrick Cleburne, John Adams, States Rights Gist, Otho Strahl, and Hiram Granbury. An additional eight were wounded or captured. Fighting behind earthworks, Union losses were a mere 189 killed, 1,033 wounded, 1,104 missing/captured. The majority of those Union troops that were captured were wounded and medical personnel who remained after Schofield departed Franklin. Many were liberated on December 18, when Union forces re-took Franklin after the Battle of Nashville. While Hoods men were dazed after their defeat at Franklin, they pressed on and clashed with Thomas and Schofields forces at Nashville on December 15-16. Routed, Hoods army effectively ceased to exist after the battle. The assault at Franklin is frequently known as the Picketts Charge of the West in reference to the Confederate assault at Gettysburg. In reality, Hoods attack consisted of more men, 19,000 vs. 12,500, and advanced over a longer distance, 2 miles vs. .75 miles, than Lieutenant General James Longstreets assault on July 3, 1863. Also, while Picketts Charge lasted approximately 50 minutes, the assaults at Franklin were conducted over a span of five hours. Selected Sources Civil War Trust: Battle of FranklinCWSAC Battle Summary: Battle of Franklin

The Monsters Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh - 1623 Words

Today’s society defines a monster as a person or animal with unnatural qualities. These characteristics can be physical, mental, and can pertain to the way someone acts among other human beings. Any action or look that is beyond what humankind perceives as normal adopts the title of monster. Often in literature the monsters that are created are meant to portray the thoughts that society has as to what qualifies someone to be a monster. Many humans can have monstrous qualities, but the significance is in whether or not those qualities determine the trajectory of the person’s life and makes them unrecognizable that they can be described as a monster. Gilgamesh and Grendal seek to fulfill their monstrous desires motivated by ego and jealousy, but it is when one loses touch with their humanity that they become a monster. In The Epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh is the two-thirds god, one-third man, king of Uruk. Since he is part god he is very strong and beautiful compared to th e average man. In the beginning of the tale, the people of Uruk pray to the gods to send someone to deliver them because Gilgamesh slept with wives and forced his subjects to do hard labor, notable for building the walls surrounding the city of Uruk. The gods decide that they need someone that can match the strength and beauty of Gilgamesh to create a balance. They created Enkidu who became Gilgamesh’s best friend. Enkidu then warns Gilgamesh of a threat in the sacred forest, the guardian Humbaba. Humbaba wasShow MoreRelatedEpic Journeys towards Improvement in The Epic of Gilgamesh and Oedipus Rex670 Words   |  3 Pagesreadings, The Epic of Gilgamesh and Oedipus Rex, both protagonists embark in an epic journey to either better themselves, or their kingdoms. Gilgamesh slays a monster with the help of Enkidu for fame, but then leaves his kingdom of Uruk to go on a quest for immortality. Oedipus outsmarts a monster and saves the city of Thebes once, but then has to save it o nce more by leaving Thebes. Both protagonists have similarities and differences in each of their journeys. Oedipus and Gilgamesh both similarlyRead MoreBeowulf And The Epic Of Gilgamesh1667 Words   |  7 Pagesthe most widely known epic poems of their time were Beowulf and The Epic of Gilgamesh. Both Beowulf and Gilgamesh embody traits known exclusively of a hero. The poem of Beowulf and The Epic Gilgamesh both showcase the characteristics required of being an epic, in that they include a hero on a quest performing valorous deeds in an elevated style, while being protected by supernatural forces. The epic poem, Beowulf was based in the country of Denmark, while The Epic of Gilgamesh was based in a regionRead MoreEpic Of Gilgamesh : The Epic Hero1641 Words   |  7 PagesGilgamesh is an ancient Mesopotamian hero, featured in the famous tale of â€Å"The Epic of Gilgamesh†, who embarks on a perilous quest for immortality. This idea, â€Å"†¦touches on the most fundamental questions of what it actually means to be human†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Homer 33), and gives us light into the minds of the people during the era. Gilgamesh’s tale gives us a glimpse at how the people of that day viewed a â€Å"hero†, and allows us to reflect upon what we consider a â€Å"hero† today. Using the Epic Hero Cycle, I will analyzeRead MoreEssay on The Epic of Gilgamesh versus The Epic of Beowulf1147 Words   |  5 PagesThe Epic of Gilgamesh and Beowulf contain everything we can expect from a great epic literature. It portrays fantastic geographies, exotic characters, e xhausting quests, heroic battles with monsters, supernatural beings and natural forces. Most important of all, they are two outstanding stories of a great epic hero who is compelled to meet his destiny and who rises to every challenge with courage and determination. Beowulf is the earliest surviving epic poem written in a modern European languageRead MoreGilgamesh : The Epic Of Gilgamesh1238 Words   |  5 Pagesfascinating pieces of literature, The Epic of Gilgamesh, deals with and explores many of the problems humans have wrestled with for thousands of years. Even though the text does not explicitly answer any of the questions it poses, it gives clues that point to the answers. One of these questions, the dilemma of whether to act based solely on a person’s intuition or act based on reason and advice, occurs regularly in the text. Throughout The Epic of Gilgamesh, characters have success and failure whenRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh And Analysis1436 Words   |  6 Pages The Epic of Gilgamesh –Summary and analysis Introduction The Epic of Gilgamesh is an excerpt of the original text of the Epic listed in the Sources of the Western Tradition, 5th edition, by Perry, Peden and Von Laue (2003). The Epic of Gilgamesh is the story of King Gilgamesh who is the powerful king of Uruk, the incidents in his life, the associations he makes, the encounters he has, and the transition that occurs in his life in relation to his gainingRead MoreBeowulf vs. Gilgamesh1212 Words   |  5 PagesBeowulf Vs. Gilgamesh The two cultures I chose to compare heroic values for are the ancient Mesopotamia and ancient Anglo-Saxon cultures. The texts I used in the comparison are Gilgamesh for Mesopotamia and Beowulf for Anglo-Saxon. Although they posses many similar heroic characteristics they also differ greatly. Beowulf is the earliest surviving epic poem written in a modern European language. It was written in Old English sometime before the tenth century A.D. The poem describes the adventuresRead MoreEpic Of Gilgamesh Myths And Dreams931 Words   |  4 PagesGilgamesh myths and dreams In World Literature Gilgamesh is considered to be a masterpiece. After, doing my research I noticed it had to be one of the oldest epics written, but it appears to be more of a myth or dream. The history of this myth draws concern about culture and religion in Babylonian. The perspective I came to understand and focus was myths and dreams. The aspects involved the inner and outer struggles of problems that are essential to this time period. When I look at the science thatRead MoreAnalysis Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh 903 Words   |  4 Pagesgenre is more appropriate to Voltaire’s quote than the epic. Epics in media are presented with high stakes, memorable heroes, and thought-provoking messages. They originated in preliterate societies and among the first epics is the ancient Mesopotamian poem called â€Å"The Epic of Gilgamesh†. Written during the Third Dynasty of Ur, â€Å"Gilgamesh† tells the adventures of the eponymous king as he befriends an intended rival cr eated by a goddess, slays monsters, and embarks a personal and perilous quest for eternalRead MoreElements Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh918 Words   |  4 PagesThe epic hero has been part of world literature since time immemorial. Epic tales have contained within them, various elements that have helped define the genre. These tropes have existed at least since the writing of the ancient Mesopotamian text, The Epic of Gigamesh. These vital characteristics transcend region, as they have been employed in the literature of disparate parts of the world. These elements can be seen the Old English tale of Beowulf, as well as in the ancient Indian epic The Ramayana

Forensics Project Management The New Best Friends...

Forensics Project management: The New Best Friends Forever (BFF) in the Fight against Financial Crimes in this 21st Century. By Ambe Diom Afumbom Executive Summary The SNIFFING book-cooking schemes of major corporations and firms such as HealthSouth Corp, Enron global etc, plaguing our financial world in this era, is an indication that we require â€Å"all hands on deck† in the fight against financial crimes. The variability and self-motivated nature of frauds, characterized by material destructive consequences, has raised a myriad of alarms in the corporate world. In reality, the dynamic nature of fraud perpetration present complex, intricate and titanic tasks to the forensic investigator who by mandate and dictate from the fast growing technology and sophisticated defrauding strategies of phonies, is required to expand Knowledge and proven skills to be relevant and become verifiable human tool. Forensic investigators are obliged to push forward innovative and exhaustive practices in order to squash this canker-worm. This study hopes to provide support to the literature on â€Å"Financial Crimes Fight† that has tried to establish that; - Top-tiers in corporations are more susceptible to fraud on a grand scale than any other stakeholder, - Offer proactive solutions against perpetrators. The general conclusion from these studies is that â€Å"integrating forensicsShow MoreRelatedChoosing Your It Career Path12084 Words   |  49 PagesCCSP, it makes you more grounded. After the Cisco professional level you can become a master in either CCIE routing and switching, CCIE security or CCIE voice with the wireless elements to the certification to encourage specialization. CCNP new modules will comprise of: 1 642-902: Implementing Cisco IP Routing (ROUTE) 2 642-813: Implementing Cisco IP Switched Networks (SWITCH) 3 642-832: Troubleshooting and Maintaining Cisco IP Networks (TSHOOT) Cisco Certified SecurityRead MoreDebonairs Pizza Product-Market Expansion Growth Strategies27204 Words   |  109 Pages4. 5. WELCOME MESSAGE FROM PRINCIPAL INTRODUCTION TO MANCOSA THE MANCOSA MISSION OUR VISION MBA PROGRAMME STRUCTURE 5.1 Overall Programme Objectives 5.2 Programme focus 5.3 Module description and rationale PROGRAMME ADMINISTRATION 6.1 Programme Management 6.2 Programme registration 6.3 Registry and despatch 6.4 Finance 6.4.1 Fee payment 6.4.2 Payment of fees and other dues 6.4.3 Re-enrolment 6.4.4 Payment plans 6.4.5 Additional fees/charges 6.4.6 Deferrals 6.4.7 Miscellaneous costs 6.4.8 CancellationRead MoreHbr When Your Core Business Is Dying74686 Words   |  299 PagesPOLITICS†¦page 90 WHEN YOUR CORE BUSINESS IS DYING†¦page 66 Y GE SE PA IN DS CK R M WA A 53 www.hbr.org April 2007 58 What Your Leader Expects of You Larry Bossidy 66 Finding Your Next Core Business Chris Zook 78 Promise-Based Management: The Essence of Execution Donald N. Sull and Charles Spinosa 90 The Leadership Team: Complementary Strengths or Conï ¬â€šicting Agendas? Stephen A. Miles and Michael D. Watkins 100 Avoiding Integrity Land Mines Ben W. Heineman, Jr. Read MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesothers who should know better) to trivialize this very problematic and challenging subject. This is not the case with the present book. This is a book that deserves to achieve a wide readership. Professor Stephen Ackroyd, Lancaster University, UK This new textbook usefully situates organization theory within the scholarly debates on modernism and postmodernism, and provides an advanced introduction to the heterogeneous study of organizations, including chapters on phenomenology, critical theory and psychoanalysisRead MoreVarian Solution153645 Words   |  615 Pages,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,, Shading ,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2 4 6 8 x1 0 (d) Suppose that the price of commodity 1 falls to $5 while everything else stays the same. Write down your new budget equation. 5x1 +5x2 = 40. On the graph above, use red ink to draw your new budget line. (e) Suppose that the amount you are allowed to spend falls to $30, while the prices of both commodities remain at $5. Write down your budget equation. line. 5x1 + 5x2 = 30. Use black

The No Of Online Casino Gaming - 1763 Words

Blog 19 – The no nonsense guide to online casino gaming The title of this blog has probably drawn you in, but before you start reading let me explain something. Getting started in the world of online casino gaming is going to take courage and plenty of patience. The landscape is by no means the same as it was 15 years ago, as the increased level of choice has actually made it somewhat intimidating to new players. All the games, all the rules, and most importantly all the bonuses can work to put a players’ backs up against the wall from the get go. I, like you, was once a novice, so I am well aware of what’s required to get up and running when it comes to online casino gaming. If you are just starting out, here is a simple, straight to the†¦show more content†¦Now you’ve got an online casino bonus under your arm, you are ready to see what games are available. Online casino games come in all different shapes and sizes, from the minimal skill all the way through to the highly competitive. My advice is to stick t o low-skill, luck-based games in the beginning. The reason why I suggest this is simple, I feel that this is the best way for a player to build up experience and skill. The leading format of game in such realm is slot games, simply log-on, pay-in, spin the reels, and wait on the outcome. There isn’t a great deal more to it than that, which why they are the perfect game for online casino novices. After addressing the basics, players can then look to face games that carry a steep learning curve. The likes of online blackjack, online poker, and online baccarat are all cornerstones of the online casino world. These games offer fantastic wining potential, but do require a certain degree or know-how in order to succeed at. When you do look to make the step up, remember that you are going to need to train, practice, research, and scout in order to be profitable. Any games the feature a large â€Å"skill factor† are designed to test you, so under no circumstance should you tak e them lightly. Can the realm of online casino gaming be tough to understand? Absolutely, but it can be it can certainly be done. The myth that you need to be a rocket scientist or a mathematician in order to become an online casino success story

Adverse Leadership Model Free Essays

SOU 4: Adverse Leadership Model Jeff Mais Texas A M University – Commerce Introduction During this semester we have looked at several positive leadership theories, from the most elementary to the more complex. Leadership takes on many different roles and responsibilities of both the leader and follower. Some leaders have the inherent ability to lead their followers successfully, however others cannot. We will write a custom essay sample on Adverse Leadership Model or any similar topic only for you Order Now Destructive leadership (Padilla et al, 2007) is such a theory that has been introduced with devastating follower outcomes. This could be viewed in several ways; a good leader with bad followers or bad leader with good followers. Bad or adverse leadership can affect the follower outcomes and ultimately create a terrible work environment for the followers. Poor leaders can have a negative impact on employees and might even damage the company’s bottom line (Leviticus, 2010). In this paper we will further examine the adverse leadership model in figure 1 and explain this model from the leader, follower, environment and outcomes. Adverse Leadership Model The Adverse Leadership Model (ALM) is a model that focuses primarily around bad leaders and subservient followers. Looking at Figure 1, we will start with explaining the various characteristics of the bad leader; poor communicator, micromanager, sets unclear expectations, uses intimidation, and poor people skills. These 5 characteristics define the bad leader and help create the poor environmental conditions examined further. * Poor Communication – Poor leaders don’t value communication with their employees. A poor leader might spend long periods of time away from his desk or office or might ignore staff emails and telephone messages. Listening to others is a low priority, and poor leaders disregard input from staff and might not seem to care about staff opinions (Leviticus, 2010). * Micromanager – Micromanagers are very involved in the smallest details of the follower’s jobs and/or projects. This type of leader behavior can make followers feel inadequate at their jobs and it typically due to insecurities of the leader. * Sets Unclear Expectations – Failing to set clear expectations by the leader can frustrate followers and hinder their ability to be successful. A leader who doesn’t set clear expectations might not give all of the details related to a project or suddenly move the due date creating a moving target for followers. * Uses Intimidation – Leaders might intimidate or bully their followers. Workplace bullying has been an ongoing discussion within the realm of leadership. This type of behavior can decrease worker morale and ultimately could increase turnover. * Poor People Skills – People skills are vital to becoming a great leader, however leaders can be negative people who don’t know how to motivate others. In addition, leaders with poor people skills cannot consider any other opinions but their own. Looking at the characteristics described above, they are all contradictory to the transformational leadership theory putting value into the followers’ opinions and helping employees complete their tasks. Often times the followers have characteristics that enable the leader to remain in an adverse leadership role. However, these followers might not understand how to recognize a good leader from a bad leader. Some of the characteristics include; Low self-esteem, Unambitious, Low maturity, little or no core values, and disengaged. Low self-esteem – Followers with low self-esteem might not have the skills necessary to confront a bullying leader or one that uses intimidation. * Unambitious – These followers have little drive and consider their current situation to be the best they will ever do. Having a follower that isn’t ambitious would be easy for the transformatio nal leader to motivate, due to their ability to engage them and make them part of something larger. * Low maturity – Often times a follower with a bad leader can be young and immature, lacking both self-esteem and confidence. This makes it easier for the bad leader to intimidate and control the follower. * Little or no core values – The follower must have some kind of core values in order to be a successful leader. If they do not, then the leader can often times take advantage of this and exploit the followers weakness in order to remain in control. * Disengaged – The disengaged follower treats their current position as a job. They are also known as clock punchers, only there to collect a paycheck and are not worried about the company in any way. Although these characteristics are not desirable in a traditional leadership example, they make it easier for the adverse leader to thrive creating a chaotic environment for the workplace. As we further examine figure 1, we can see a direct line between the leader and follower, but no line back from the follower to the leader. This is because in the adverse leadership model, the leader is primarily a dictator and doesn’t allow for a healthy leader-member exchange. This could be due to insecurities by the leader and fear of being out performed. Moving outside of the leader and follower characteristics, we can examine the environment created by this type of leadership. High stress, alienation, and segregation are all felt by the follower due to the dyadic relationship between the leader and follower. High stress can lead to disruption of productivity amongst the team members and other health related issues. Creating a negative atmosphere can backfire because fear can cause stress, and in extreme situations, reductions in performance and efficiency (Riggio, 2009). Alienation and segregation by the leader can also create a feeling of betrayal within followers; this can also allow the members to form sub-groups that become further alienated from the remaining followers. Segregation amongst other team members removes the cohesive bond that should be cultivated by the leader. Further studies by Liu et al. (2012), have revealed a direct correlation between bad leadership and follower creativity. The final portion of the adverse leadership model has to do with follower outcomes, depression and worthlessness. These outcomes are detrimental to the company’s success, due to health related issues from depression alone. Approximately 18. 8 million American adults, or about 9. 5 percent of the U. S. population age 18 and older in a given year, have a depressive disorder (depressionperception. com). This doesn’t include the other health related issues that could be a direct result of working in a stressful environment. In addition to being depressed, followers might feel worthless due to intimidating behavior by the leader. This could also come from bullying by other co-workers who choose to emulate the leader’s social cues. In conclusion, bad leaders can only breed more bad leaders and the only way to stop it is to file complaints with HR or stand up to the bad leader, identifying issues the followers would like to change to be productive and work in a stress free environment. References Leviticus, J. (2010), The top signs of poor leadership. Retrieved from: http://smallbusiness. chron. com/top-signs-poor-leadership-31537. html Liu, D. , Liao, H. , and Loi, R. (2012). The dark side of leadership: A three-level investigation of the cascading effect of abusive supervision on employee creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 55(5), 1187-1212. Padilla, A. , Hogan, R. and Kaiser, R. B. : 2007, The toxic triangle: destructive leaders, susceptible followers, and conducive environments, The Leadership Quarterly, 18, 176–194. Riggio, R. (2009), How to spot a bad leader. Retrieved from: http://www. psychologytoday. com/blog/cutting-edge-leadership/200905/how-spot-bad-leader Adverse Leadership Model Figure 1: Adverse Leadership Model Figure 1: Adverse Leadership Model Environment: * High Stress * Alienation * Segregation Environment: * High Stress * Alienation * Segregation Follower Outcomes: . Depression 2. Worthlessness Follower Outcomes: 3. Depression 4. Worthlessness Follower Characteristics: 1. Low Self-Esteem 2. Unambitious 3. Low Maturity 4. Little or No Core Values 5. Disengaged Follower Characteristics: 6. Low Self-Esteem 7. Unambitious 8. Low Maturity 9. Little or No Core Values 10. Disengaged Leader Characteristics: 1. Poor Communicator 2. Micromanager 3. Sets Unc lear Expectations 4. Uses Intimidation 5. Poor People Skills Leader Characteristics: 6. Poor Communicator 7. Micromanager 8. Sets Unclear Expectations 9. Uses Intimidation 10. Poor People Skills How to cite Adverse Leadership Model, Papers

Family Heritage Paper Essay Example For Students

Family Heritage Paper Essay All immigrants go through a lot of different changes while sharing the same experience while moving away from their home to a whole new country. People move to the United States from all different parts of the world, whether its from Japan, India, Russia or even small countries like Armenia. I decided to do the interview about my mother because she has had a rough journey traveling from one country to another. My mother was born and raised in Yerevan, the capital of Armenia. She loved her comfort zone since her whole family was in one city. She had graduated with a bachelor’s degree in Economics and was working at my grandfather’s factory as an assistant. When my mother met my father, he decided that they should move together to Moscow, Russia. My mom had to leave behind her parents and her family, to start a family of her own. My mother gave birth to me in Moscow, when she was twenty three years old. My father’s side of the family moved to the United States right before I was born and due to some documents issues, they were not able to visit us for ten years. In 2004, when I was just twelve years old, my grandfather that lived in Los Angeles was diagnosed with cancer and unfortunately had passed away. My father went to immediately buy a ticket for the next flight to Los Angeles to make it in time for his father’s funeral. A few days later, my father called my mother and let her know that we also need to buy tickets and come by him as soon as possible. It was so many years ago and since I was young, I don’t remember much of what and how things happened. When I asked my mother what that felt like for her, she told me â€Å"I thought we would just go for a few weeks, it never crossed my mind that I would have to move to a whole new and different country once again. † When we got here, my parents decided to officially move to the United States. My mother was forced to adapt to a completely different environment. When she had moved to Moscow from Yerevan, her experience was less overwhelming for her. This was due to the fact that she knew Russian her whole life and Russia was only two hours away from Armenia. However, the move to Los Angeles, she says, was the hardest obstacle she had to face as a mother and as a wife. My mother did not know English, so that alone was scary for her to enter somewhere where she could not communicate with the people around her. Thankfully, there is a large Armenian community in Los Angeles and I believe that this has eased her transition at least in one way. Also, what was great is that community colleges actually offer ESL classes which are English classes that are offered to people for whom English is a second language. My mother attended these classes, but she did not learn the language as well as she thought she would. One thing my mother told me during this interview, was why she was happy and felt safe to move here. During our last few years in Moscow, there was a lot of discrimination towards dark skinned people such as not only African Americans but Armenians, Persians, Georgians and anyone else that was Middle Eastern. My mother did not feel safe to walk around with me in the streets of Moscow, because there would be racist groups that would walk around and actually kill anyone who was dark skinned. .ub9a3a1a301b82d9fdc8f4d501c8ce826 , .ub9a3a1a301b82d9fdc8f4d501c8ce826 .postImageUrl , .ub9a3a1a301b82d9fdc8f4d501c8ce826 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub9a3a1a301b82d9fdc8f4d501c8ce826 , .ub9a3a1a301b82d9fdc8f4d501c8ce826:hover , .ub9a3a1a301b82d9fdc8f4d501c8ce826:visited , .ub9a3a1a301b82d9fdc8f4d501c8ce826:active { border:0!important; } .ub9a3a1a301b82d9fdc8f4d501c8ce826 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub9a3a1a301b82d9fdc8f4d501c8ce826 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub9a3a1a301b82d9fdc8f4d501c8ce826:active , .ub9a3a1a301b82d9fdc8f4d501c8ce826:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub9a3a1a301b82d9fdc8f4d501c8ce826 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub9a3a1a301b82d9fdc8f4d501c8ce826 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub9a3a1a301b82d9fdc8f4d501c8ce826 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub9a3a1a301b82d9fdc8f4d501c8ce826 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub9a3a1a301b82d9fdc8f4d501c8ce826:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub9a3a1a301b82d9fdc8f4d501c8ce826 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub9a3a1a301b82d9fdc8f4d501c8ce826 .ub9a3a1a301b82d9fdc8f4d501c8ce826-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub9a3a1a301b82d9fdc8f4d501c8ce826:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Social Media and Law Enforcement Sample EssayThey had a slogan that said â€Å"Russia is for Russians†. She had a lot of fear to even get out of the house to go buy groceries because we would always hear about the latest attack on dark skinned people, many of the times it would Armenians. I believe, this experience of hers also relates to all the discrimination that happened here in America back in the days. A lot of Asian Americans went through a lot and so did African Americans, when the times were so rough in the United States. However, when we moved here, my mother told me during my interview with her that she is just pleased that she feels like her and our fami ly are actually safe here. Nobody should ever experience racism because at the end of the day, no matter what our nationality is, we still are human beings, children of God, who were put on earth to love one another and live a happy life in this world. 3She knows that there won’t be a racist groups that bald headed, wearing army boots, waiting around in the streets to murder dark skinned people. Both my mother and I, actually faced a situation back in Moscow when I was around six years old. We were driving with my father and my father cut someone off, and that car began to chase us and got in front of us to block our way. My father got out of the car, and from the other car, those racist activists came out. There were two bald headed guys and I remember them going towards my dad. As it was for me, my mother told me that this was one of the worst days of her life. My father and the two men began to fight and my mother even tried to stop them. This was not something I wish I had seen or experienced. I can only imagine how afraid my mother was for my father. Eventually, the two men fled the scene. However, the trauma stayed with us forever. Now my mother, as well as our family, have been living in the United States for nine years. My mother definitely feels a lot safer here and knows that there is immediate help and that as a citizen, she has certain rights in this country. However, it has not been easy for her to adapt to the fast pace life style that is in Los Angeles. My mother was a stay at home wife when we lived in Moscow. When we came here, my father opened up a business and had my mom help him out. Since she has never worked before, it was extremely difficult for my mom to work at my father’s restaurant. After we sold the business, my mother began to be a stay at home wife. She says it was easy to be one in Moscow, because I was young and she could take care of me. However, now I am older and I do a lot of things without her help, so she has a hard time just staying at home. Since she does not know the language, she has not had the chance to find a good job for herself to make money and spend her time at. After interviewing her, I believe she has had acculturative stress. According to our textbook â€Å" highly enculturated Asian Americans might experience severe acculturative stress when they attempt to balance the competing demands of two cultures.. . The symptoms include depression, which unfortunately my mother many times thinks that she has. Though not Asian American, my mother has had a difficult time balancing the two cultures. Psychologically, this whole experience has worn her out to say the least. As soon as she got adapted to the lifestyle in Moscow, she had to move away once again. This has left her feeling even a bit confused, since she doesn’t feel like she belongs here. Since she has not been succeeding, she told me that she feels disappointed in herself because when she was younger she did so well in school. .ubc3e8b7d2b290b096f574c57a37ed3e0 , .ubc3e8b7d2b290b096f574c57a37ed3e0 .postImageUrl , .ubc3e8b7d2b290b096f574c57a37ed3e0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubc3e8b7d2b290b096f574c57a37ed3e0 , .ubc3e8b7d2b290b096f574c57a37ed3e0:hover , .ubc3e8b7d2b290b096f574c57a37ed3e0:visited , .ubc3e8b7d2b290b096f574c57a37ed3e0:active { border:0!important; } .ubc3e8b7d2b290b096f574c57a37ed3e0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubc3e8b7d2b290b096f574c57a37ed3e0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubc3e8b7d2b290b096f574c57a37ed3e0:active , .ubc3e8b7d2b290b096f574c57a37ed3e0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubc3e8b7d2b290b096f574c57a37ed3e0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubc3e8b7d2b290b096f574c57a37ed3e0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubc3e8b7d2b290b096f574c57a37ed3e0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubc3e8b7d2b290b096f574c57a37ed3e0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubc3e8b7d2b290b096f574c57a37ed3e0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubc3e8b7d2b290b096f574c57a37ed3e0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubc3e8b7d2b290b096f574c57a37ed3e0 .ubc3e8b7d2b290b096f574c57a37ed3e0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubc3e8b7d2b290b096f574c57a37ed3e0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Music Persuasive EssayShe took the transition very hard. I believe as times passes, hopefully sometime soon, she will find herself in this country. While interviewing her, she told me that what makes her the happiest was that I was able to grow up in a country that offered so many opportunities for me. She believes that the move was mostly for my future and not for her and my fathers. When I heard that, it really touched my heart. It is true when they say â€Å"Everything happens for a reason†. If my father hadn’t passed away, then we would never move here. In a way, it was his blessing and something he always wanted for us to be closer to him. I could not be more thankful to my parents for sacrificing their lives back home and making a whole new one just for me to have a good future. My mother’s experience with Asians began here in Los Angeles. Whenever we opened our business, it was right next to a Thai restaurant. Both of my parents became really close to the family that owned and worked at the business. My mother says that they were very sweet and genuine. Whenever something was needed, they were the first to help out and she really appreciated that about them and was also there for them. She says it was bittersweet whenever my parents had to close the business and not see the Thai family as much as they used to. However, both of my parents still visit them from time to time. Whether Asian Americans or Armenians, immigrating to a whole new and different place than one’s own can be life changing and difficult. I believe it’s most difficult for anyone that immigrated here and was around the age of twenty five and up. Because for all the children, including me, that immigrated, learning the language and adapting to all the new surroundings is much easier because we are young enough to do so. Our parents sacrificed a lot for us to all have great futures and many opportunities to benefit from, though they may not live such a happy life. There are so many immigrants who left behind business and their education to come to America and seek the opportunities it has to offer for them and their families. I know I personally will do everything in my power to make my parents proud and do everything I can to take care of them once I am able to.

Sonnet 149 Essays - Sonnet 149, Sonnet 138, Sonnet 42,

Sonnet 149 In William Shakespeare's sonnet number one hundred and forty-nine there is a very clear case of unrequited love. In a somber tone he outlines the ways in which he selflessly served his beloved only to be cruelly rejected. His confusion about the relationship is apparent as he reflects upon his behavior and feelings towards her. This poem appears to be written to bring closure to the relationship, but it could be argued that this poem is one final effort to win her affection. The first twelve lines of the poem are a questions proposed by the poet to his beloved. The theme of these questions all lead back to his absolute commitment to her. The questions show a pattern of pathetic and blind devotion that is both sad and disheartening to the poet. Canst thou, O cruel, say I love thee not, When I against myself with thee partake? In these two lines Shakespeare is asking is she can deny his love for her when she knows that aganist his better judgment, he always he takes her side. In doing this he gives her total control over him. On the other hand, he is calling her ?O cruel? which indicates that he may now see through her uncaring ways. Similarly he goes on to ask her:Do I not think on thee when I forgot Am of myself, all tyrant, for thy sake? This question can be paraphrased to mean: ?Am I not thinking of you when I forget myself for your sake, tyrant as you are(Rowse 309) Here again he asks her if she can deny his devotion even though she has acted terribly. The fact that the poet can now see that she is treating him poorly and cruelly indicates progress from where he claims to have been in the past. The poet?s level of devotion increases with the next line of questioning which confronts his willingness to shun those whom she finds displeasing. Who hateth thee that I do call my friend; On whom frown'st that I do fawn upon? From these questions it becomes evident that his actions are not just for the lady?s sake, but also for his own satisfaction. He asks her: Who hates you that I call my friend? This is interesting because there is no indication that she has any interest in his friends at all. In spite of this he continues to judge people by their opinion of her. In addition to this he claims to give no favor to those whom she dislikes for that very reason. From this it can be inferred that she is everything to him and that he has no will of his own. It is this very point which leads him into his next questions. Nay, if thou lour?st on me, do I not spend Revenge upon myself with present moan? What merit do I in myself respectThat is so proud thy service to despise, When all my best doth worship thy defect,Commanded by the motion of thine eyes. These six lines sum up much of what he has been attempting to convey. He is asking her: Don?t I show pain and grief when you frown at me? Is there any part of me that I wouldn?t give up for you? Don?t I worship your imperfections?(Rowse 309)He is making an argument that he has never done anything to deserve the way that she has treated him, yet he loves her wholly and unconditionally. The poet finds himself in a depressing and desperate situation, and these questions convey his position perfectly. The last two lines of this poem are quite ambiguous. In one sense they suggest an acknowledgment that the relationship is finished, but on the other hand there is that possibility that they are a different kind of attempt to please and ultimately win that sloe affection of his beloved. But, love, hate on, for now I know thy mind; Those that can see thou lov?st, I am blind. There is a great deal of irony in this statement because he is telling her to continue in her cruel ways because he now understands what she wants. He perceives her aspiration to be a man who will love her for thge person she is, not wholly and blindly as he had the poet has loved her.(Rowse 309) The irony in this is that if he now can see her faults and what she desires, then he is no longer blind. Thus this poem is arguably another attempt

Business Etiquette Goodbye Message

Business Etiquette Goodbye Message (Issue 20: July, 2009) by Mary CullenIt is summertime, and my deepest wish is that you are enjoying some time off, rejuvenating and relaxing. Sadly, many in this economy are encountering forced time off. This issue looks at the challenging business etiquette quandry of how to professionally write a goodbye message if you have lost your job.It is painful to lose your job. Whether it is due to a merger, layoffs, poor sales or a personality conflict, so many emotions rage: worry, stress and resentment. There is a hilarious layoff scene in the movie "Broadcast News:"Manager: Now, if there's anything I can do for you...Employee: Well, I certainly hope you'll die soon. As much as we might momentarily feel better with this scathing retort, it will not help us find new and better work.Instead, respond professionally to the notification, close out all work responsibilities fully, and foster connection with all contacts. Here is an example of a good message notifying colleagues you are leaving:Hi Carmen, (If you are friendly enough for a personal message notifying the recipient of your departure, use the more personal salutation "Hi" followed by a comma. More on salutations.)Tomorrow, July 29, will be my last day at Acme Company. I'm departing to new adventures. I don't yet know what they'll be, but I'm sure they will be wonderful. (Without overtly stating so, it's clear this person did not leave for another position. Yet, there is absolutely no bitterness. If you know what you will be doing, state it here..."I will be taking time off to care for my infant son." or "I am entering an MBA program at Rutgers.")It has been a joy to work with you during my time here. You are so energetic and positive, and I sincerely hope we stay in touch and find future opportunities to work together. (State something truthful and specific about this particular recipient, so it feels sincere and targeted, not a mass email. Also indicate your desire to stay in touch.)Gerry Malvers (gmalvers@acme.com) and Suresh Patel (spatel@acme.com) will be your new contacts for procurement. Feel free to contact them with any questions regarding your accounting services in the future. I have given them your contact information and briefed them on the work you've done so well for Acme. (Provide clear information about how your recipient will connect with your company or department, and any relevant information they need.)I wish you great success, and hope we get to work with each other again! I look forward to your updates on Facebook and/or LinkedIn. (This assumes you are already connected on Facebook and LinkedIn. If not, tell them you will be sending them a connec tion request, or provide your own contact information on these networks. If you do not yet use LinkedIn or Facebook, let this be a reminder to establish your presence on these social networks before you may need it. This is most important - you have honed good relationships, so stay connected with them. If you do not use LinkedIn or Facebook, provide your personal email address instead.)Best regards,Jeanine Ready to commit to improving your business writing so it is a career advantage?

Tobacco and the Origins and Domestication of Nicotiana

Tobacco and the Origins and Domestication of Nicotiana Tobacco (Nicotiana rustica and N. tabacum) is a plant that was and is used as a psychoactive substance, a narcotic, a painkiller, and a pesticide and, as a result, it is and was used in the ancient past in a wide variety of rituals and ceremonies. Four species were recognized by Linnaeus in 1753, all originating from the Americas, and all from the nightshade family (Solanaceae). Today, scholars recognize over 70 different species, with N. tabacum the most economically important; almost all of them originated in South America, with one endemic to Australia and another to Africa. Domestication History A group of recent biogeographical studies reports that modern tobacco ( N. tabacum) originated in the highland Andes, probably Bolivia or northern Argentina, and was likely a result of the hybridization of two older species, N. sylvestris and a member of the section Tomentosae, perhaps N. tomentosiformis Goodspeed. Long before the Spanish colonization, tobacco had been distributed well outside its origins, throughout South America, into Mesoamerica and reaching the Eastern Woodlands of North America no later than ~300 BC. Although some debate within the scholarly community exists suggesting that some varieties may have originated in Central America or Southern Mexico, the most widely accepted theory is that N. tabacum originated where the historical ranges of its two progenitor species intersected. The earliest dated tobacco seeds found to date are from early Formative levels at Chiripa in the Lake Titicaca region of Bolivia. Tobacco seeds were recovered from Early Chiripa contexts (1500-1000 BC), although not in sufficient quantities or contexts to prove tobacco  use with shamanistic practices. Tushingham and colleagues have traced a continuous record of smoking tobacco in pipes in western North America from at least 860 AD, and at the time of European colonial contact, tobacco was the most widely exploited intoxicant in the Americas. Curanderos and Tobacco Tobacco is believed to be one of the first plants used in the New World to initiate ecstasy trances. Taken in large amounts, tobacco induces hallucinations, and, perhaps not surprisingly, tobacco use is associated with pipe ceremonialism and bird imagery throughout the Americas. Physical changes associated with extreme doses of tobacco use include a lowered heart rate, which in some cases has been known to render the user into a catatonic state. Tobacco is consumed in a number of ways, including chewing, licking, eating, sniffing, and enemas, although smoking is the most effective and common form of consumption. Among the ancient Maya and extending down to today, tobacco was a sacred, supernaturally powerful plant, considered a primordial medicine or botanical helper and associated with Maya deities of the earth and sky. A classic 17 year-long study by ethnoarchaeologist Kevin Goark (2010) looked at the use of the plant among the Tzeltal-Tzotzil Maya communities in highland Chiapas, recording processing methods, physiological effects, and magico-protective uses. Ethnographic Studies A series of ethnographic interviews (Jauregui et al 2011) was conducted between 2003-2008 with curanderos (healers) in east central Peru, who reported using tobacco in various ways. Tobacco is one of over fifty plants with psychotropic effects used in the region that are considered plants that teach, including coca, datura, and ayahuasca. Plants that teach are also sometimes referred to as plants with a mother, because they are believed to have an associated guiding spirit or mother who teaches the secrets of traditional medicine. Like the other plants that teach, tobacco is one of the cornerstones of learning and practicing the art of the shaman, and according to the curanderos consulted by Jauregui et al. it is considered one of the most powerful and oldest of plants. Shamanistic training in Peru involves a period of fasting, isolation, and celibacy, during which period one ingests one or more of the teaching plants on a daily basis. Tobacco in the form of a potent type of Nicotiana rustica is always present in their traditional medical practices, and it is used for purification, to cleanse the body of negative energies. Sources Groark KP. 2010. The Angel in the Gourd: Ritual, Therapeutic, and Protective Uses of Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) Among the Tzeltal and Tzotzil Maya of Chiapas, Mexico. Journal of Ethnobiology 30(1):5-30.Jauregui X, Clavo ZM, Jovel EM, and Pardo-de-Santayana M. 2011. â€Å"Plantas con madre†: Plants that teach and guide in the shamanic initiation process in the East-Central Peruvian Amazon. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 134(3):739-752.Khan MQ, and Narayan RKJ. 2007. Phylogenetic diversity and relationships among species of genus Nicotiana using RAPDs analysis. African Journal of Biotechnology 6(2):148-162.Leng X, Xiao B, Wang S, Gui Y, Wang Y, Lu X, Xie J, Li Y, and Fan L. 2010. Identification of NBS-Type Resistance Gene Homologs in Tobacco Genome. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 28(1):152-161.Lewis R, and Nicholson J. 2007. Aspects of the evolution of Nicotiana tabacum L. and the status of the United States Nicotiana Germplasm Collection. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution  54(4):727-740.Mandondo A, German L, Utila H, and Nthenda UM. 2014. Assessing Societal Benefits and Trade-Offs of Tobacco in the Miombo Woodlands of Malawi. Human Ecology 42(1):1-19. Moon HS, Nifong JM, Nicholson JS, Heineman A, Lion K, Hoeven Rvd, Hayes AJ, Lewis RS, and USDA A. 2009. Microsatellite-based Analysis of Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) Genetic Resources. Crop Science 49(6):2149-2159.Roulette CJ, Hagen E, and Hewlett BS. 2016. A biocultural investigation of gender differences in tobacco use in an egalitarian hunter-gatherer population. Human Nature 27(2):105-129.Tushingham S, Ardura D, Eerkens JW, Palazoglu M, Shahbaz S, and Fiehn O. 2013. Hunter-gatherer tobacco smoking: earliest evidence from the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America. Journal of Archaeological Science 40(2):1397-1407.Tushingham S, and Eerkens JW. 2016. Hunter-Gatherer Tobacco Smoking in Ancient North America: Current Chemical Evidence and a Framework for Future Studies. In: Anne Bollwerk E, and Tushingham S, editors. Perspectives on the Archaeology of Pipes, Tobacco and other Smoke Plants in the Ancient Americas. Cham: Springer International Publishing. p 211-230.Zagorevski DV, a nd Loughmiller-Newman JA. 2012. The detection of nicotine in a Late Mayan period flask by gas chromatography and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry methods. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 26(4):403-411.

(Elements of Drama) - Drama imitates reality through representation Essay

(Elements of Drama) - Drama imitates reality through representation rather than imitation - Essay Example During the analysis we will look for evidences that can prove our original idea. We’ll overview the tragedies without retelling their plots and going into details. Both pieces of literature belong to the field of tragedy. Let’s briefly remind us of the main requirements to the tragedy proposed by the Aristotle in his famous â€Å"Poetics† and later by the representatives of the Enlightenment. According to Aristotle, tragedy is the imitation in dramatic form of an action which is serious and complete, with occurrences that evoke sympathy and fear /Aristotle, 1999/. Aristotle believes that the writer should use pleasant language that must fit the situation in which it is used. The main characters of a tragedy are noble and well-off people, performing noble actions. Aristotle also made a statement in his work â€Å"Poetics† that tragedy should lead to the catharsis of the audience when they experience and share emotions of the characters and sympathize to their suffering /Aristotle, 1999/. Enlightenment writers proposed that according to its structure tragedy should be composed of five acts and involve three main characters which should be noble and famous. The author should begin the tragedy in the middle of the action, make use of noble language and refrain from the scenes of horror on the stage. From the Aristotle times it was considered that the ideal piece of tragedy should consist of two main parts. They are complication and unraveling. Those incidents that are inessential to the development of the plot are mostly combined with of the action proper in order to mould the complication. So we can say that the complication is the whole amount of actions from the beginning to that part of the play where the course of events changes either for good or for bad. The unraveling then is all that remains. It begins with the end of the complication and extends to the end of the tragedy / Wikipedia/. According to the structure,

Life in the City Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Life in the City - Essay Example This perspective, which removes urban places from the context of their societies, may be appropriate to what these disciplines wish to learn of and from the city. Engels underlines that urban settings has a negative impact on an individual and his morals. He writes that: "the brutal indifference, the unfeeling isolation of each in his private interest, becomes the more repellant and offensive, the more these individuals are crowded together". Such an approach is less useful in anthropology, however. For cross-cultural comparisons and analyses of urban development, the city must be treated as only one of many social institutions such as kinship, religion, and subsistence activity that anthropologists always have conceptualized as parts of a socio-cultural whole. A spirit of independence and autonomy, a desire for innovation, a predilection for social status based on achievement rather than birth, and a sense of community beyond the family or kin group are characteristics often associated with the city. In this view, urban places become centers of social change, economic development, and personal freedom in contrast to conservative, ascriptive, and traditional rural settlements. Cities are thus perceived as sources of novel economic and productive arrangements and new political orders that challenge the fabric of society. The ideological approach thus studies the "rules" that compose the cultural roles of cities and their societies. It investigates the derivation of these rules outside the city or their diffusion from the urban sphere into the cultural setting (Engels). Whyte pays a special attention to increased poverty in urban settings and slums as a dominant feature of the eastern city. Whyte writes: "People appear as social work clients, as defendants in criminal cases or as undifferentiated members of the masses". It is possible to say that the ideological and interactional roles and links between cities and societies are not unchanging. Therefore the concept of "adaptation" must be added to introduce a dynamic aspect. Cities are and always have been in a continual process of adjustment to their external socio-cultural environments. "Environment" in this context does not directly involve physical circumstances affecting the city, such as water supply, soil type, and rainfall average. Following Durkheim and Tonnies, with a specifically urban population and a distinctly urban pattern of social organization, the administrative city is further from the rural countryside in ideology and life-style than the regal-ritual type is. The patterns of belief and social life, the cultural "rules" of the state society, may remain basically the same in village and city. The urban area, on the other hand, concentrates a sophistication--an elaborateness of custom and ideology--that mark it off sharply from the rural zone. Rather than a hiatus in belief, rather than an antagonism based on wholly different urban and rural patterns, the administrative city is simply so much more than its rural environs that rural areas appear culturally denuded, socially deficient, and ideologically backward by comparison. The city may still reflect the countryside, but it does so with such intensity that it appears to have its own independent luminosity. Durkheim underlines that: "solidarity in indu strial society is based not on uniformity bit on difference". The industrial city becomes a node of the power and

Construction Procurement In Sweden Construction Essay

Construction Procurement In Sweden Construction Essay Sweden is one of Scandinavian countries located between Norway and Finland in North part of Europe. It has a population of 9.2 million people. Swedish climate in summer but winters bring some heavy snow and low temperatures especially in north regions. It is known as one of the best democratic government examples but even more as a successful and modern economic benchmark. Construction sector plays a very important role in Swedens domestic economy. It is described as a major market or even backbone in terms of importance. According to the Swedish Construction Institute report (1997) and the Swedish Construction Federation data (2008) the construction sector is one of Swedens largest industries and contributes significantly to national prosperity. Being a member of EU, Swedens construction legal framework and procurement legislations (Swedish Public Procurement Act, 2008) tend to concentrate on: non discrimination, equal opportunities, transparency, cost efficiency and value for money etc. Due to conservative cultural approach, Sweden has established a distinctive procurement model based on mutual strategic consideration and trust among construction actors. Nevertheless, OECD (Organisation for Economic Co Operation and Development) in annual reports about Swedish construction industry (2007) and (2009) found that cartels and lack of competition are the main negative features affecting procurement efficiency in Sweden. In 1990 Swedish construction industry was at its peak followed by government funds mainly for roads, bridges etc. Renovation, repairs and maintenance account for 50% of the total construction output (The Swedish Construction Institute, 1997). In 1991 there was a downturn in the industry and total construction volume fell by nearly 25% until 1994. In 1995 together with membership in EU Sweden construction sector has joined ISO 9001 quality and responsibility standards, which led industry to much bigger output. As a member of EFTA (European Free Trading Association), Sweden has been participating actively in European standards making in CEN (European Committee for Standardization) (Atkinson, 1995). Building regulations and control was the main government contribution to growing construction sector. It produced a quality standard high enough to absorb internal market request. The most noticeable Swedish achievements regarding construction quality by Atkinson (1995, p. 149) are: the de legation of ministerial policies on social and technical matters to professionally staffed executive agencies which carry out tasks assigned under legislations within a financial programme, the delegation of central responsibilities for building regulation and associated arrangements for certification and quality assurance to Boverket (The National Board of Housing, Building and Physical Planning), administration of building regulations by local district authorities, helped by a well presented system of approved documentation, regulations the Swedish Building Code in which requirements, expressed in functional or performance terms, are supported by examples of solutions, recommendations and advisory information. Unlike many other countries Sweden has no particular legislation concerning contract relationships for building projects by private clients. Even though private procurement can be performed with less complicated regulations, this must be done not offending public principles for contracts, purchase laws and laws regarding competition. Public procurement regulations are governed by Public Procurement Act directives followed by EU procurement legislation. The Swedish Competition Authority is responsible for supervision of Public Procurement Acts from 2008 (Swedish Competition Authority, Public procurement, 2008). Procurement types available in Sweden are: open, restricted and negotiated (Swedish Competition Authority, Swedish Public Procurement Act, 2007). PPP/PFI has been recently applied in Sweden and this kind of procurement options should gain more attention from private investors. However, according to Osipova (2008) Swedish construction industry has been criticized for high costs which led to lack of competition between contractors as well as low productivity and project delays. The UK has a benefit of wide range of institutional forms of construction contracts. However, a number of government sponsored reports have also highlighted that this has major disadvantages, indentifying duplication of effort and a wasteful use of resources at almost every level of activity (Ashworth, 2006). In the nineteenth century a first standard form of construction contract was introduced in the UK. The form was described as the RIBA until 1977, when the term JCT (The Joint Contracts Tribunal) contract was adopted. The present body responsible for drafting the current form includes public and private sector employers, architects, quantity surveyors, contractors and subcontractors. With different contract forms appearing in the U.K. after 1964, JCT forms reflected different interests of construction parties involved into construction business. The selection of particular form of contract depends on various considerations such as: type of work to be conducted, size of the project, public or private sector, status of designer and procurement types. According to Contracts in use surveys, JCT 98 is the most popular form of contract for building contracts in the UK. It is the Standard Form of Building Contract (SFBC). Table 1 shows all JCT contract forms available in the UK. The Institut ion of Civil Engineers (ICE) form remains the most popular among civil engineer contracts. The UK construction industry has attracted a great deal of criticism in recent years for its inability to meet the needs of its clients (Wood et al., 2005). There was a great need of collaborative procurement type such as partnering. Radically different approach to the procurement offered specific objectives through supply chain maximizing the effectiveness and performance of construction activities. Positive partnering approach in the UK has led Sweden to adopt partnering concept. Hence, partnering procurement type does not have contractual form status. In Sweden, the majority of contracts are based on the general conditions of contracts. New forms of contracting occurring are the performance based contract and partnering. Performance based contracts are improved forms of the design and build contracts. Such contracts tend to provide stimulus for the contractor for development of higher level products. Partnering contracts proved to be successful in the UK are getting more popular in Sweden. Cost reduction and better performance are the main benefits of such contracts. As in Sweden the UK construction industry is strongly fragmented. To improve this many of the best clients use partnering or similar agreements to keep project team together (Sterner, 2002). Lack of competition in Swedish construction sector has been pointed out by OECD (2007) in 1999 and 2004. Survey held by OECD find out that cartels are common within Swedish construction industry. Also barriers are quite high for new construction companies which cannot compete on the bigger projects. The four largest developers, which account for a large share of the market, do not normally purchase construction services in the market as 75% of apartments are built in house (OECD, 2007). This results in higher building costs than for smaller developers, who procure projects to a much higher extent. Swedish construction sector is not competitive in terms of supply chain as large companies are dominating this segment. Sweden has one of the highest levels of construction costs among EU. Swedish construction regulations regarding input materials as well as a lack of EU certified construction codes are preventing new entries into the industry. Some procurement contracts (source does not indicate which) have requirements that disadvantage foreign companies from investment and acts just like protectionism. Other specific indicators creating high costs in constructions are: high construction service prices (over 8% higher, excluding VAT, than the EU average in 2004), labour costs (matter of high taxes), powerful and very influential construction workers union Byggnads activity in collecting extra charges for non member companies. The civil engineering industry is in hands of big societies which also manufacture key materials such as asphalt and ballast. As the import is limited, other companies have to purchase from the market leaders, and the price of building materials is high compared to many other EU countries (OECD, Sweden: achieving results for sustained growth, 2007) Possible solutions From the data provided by OECD, we can state that Sweden should stress construction sector against culture of cartels. By reducing number of cartels the industry will gain more actors involved into construction procurement procedures and cost efficiency should increase accordingly. Stronger competition within sector could be achieved if smaller companies would act together in order to compete against big firms, but government should encourage such competition through procurement acts. It is obvious that high tax policy has made construction costs far too expensive in Sweden. It might be the barrier which naturally protects industry from foreign investment and keeps Swedish companies busy, but also acts against fair competition. On the 7th of October 2009, Swedish Competition Authoritys (Konkurrensverket) official report stated the construction sector is one example where we observe limited foreign presence in this country (Konkurrensverket, 2009, p. 1). In order to satisfy the demands placed on the construction sector in the future, a number of changes must be made to procurement procedures, all of which point to the need of new forms of co-operation among all the actors. The empirical data shows that the currently used procurement procedures involve: specification by the client, open bid invitations, bid evaluations based on lowest tender price, high contract formalisation through standard contracts, fixed price compensation, low usage of collaborative tools and performance evaluation by the client (Eriksson, 2007). Swedish procurement types are focused on price and authority due to lack of social control. According to conceptual model, trust between construction actors should receive bigger attention. Such procedures as: incentive based compensation, limited bid invitation, bid evaluation based on soft parameters, joint selection of sub contractors and contractor self control have reduced the traditional focus on price and autho rity. Therefore, trust and cooperation appeared to play a key role between partners. The benefit of early subcontractor involvement into procurement procedures proved to be important way of partnering concept.